As of Oracle9i, new feature called the spfile (server parameter file). The spfile is a binary file that contains the same information as the old pfile.
The spfile is a server-side initialization parameter file; parameters stored in this file are persistent across database startups.
This makes all the changes made to the instance using the ALTER SYSTEM statement persistent. Oracle requires that you start an instance for the first time using the pfile and then create the spfile.
The server parameter file (also called SPFILE) is in a single location where all the necessary parameters are defined and stored. The defined parameter values are applicable for all the instances in the cluster.
The SPFILE permits dynamic changes without requiring you to bring down the instance.
By default, if you do not specify PFILE in your STARTUP command, Oracle will use a server parameter file.
SERVER PARAMETER FILE ( SPFILE )
A server parameter file is basically a repository for initialization parameters.
Initialization parameters stored in a SPFILE are persistent, meaning any parameter changes made while an instance is running can persist across instance shutdown and startup.
In this way, all the initialization parameters manually updated by ALTER SYSTEM SET commands become persistent.
It also provides a basis for the Oracle database server to self-tune.
Another advantage, particularly for multi-instance RAC systems, is that a single copy of the parameter file can be used by all instances. Even though a single file is used to specify parameters, it has different format styles to support both the common values for all instances, as well as the specific values for an individual instance.
A server parameter file is initially built from the traditional text initialization parameter file, using the create SPFILE statement. It is a binary file that cannot be browsed or edited with a text editor.
Oracle provides other interfaces for viewing and modifying parameter settings. At system startup, the default behavior of the STARTUP command is to read a SPFILE to obtain initialization parameter settings. If the STARTUP command doesn't have a PFILE clause, it reads the SPFILE from a location
specified by the operating system.
If you choose to use the traditional text initialization parameter file, you must specify the PFILE clause when issuing the STARTUP command.
Some initialization parameters are dynamic since they can be modified using the ALTER SESSION or ALTER SYSTEM statement while an instance is running. Use the following syntax to dynamically alter
initialization parameters:
ALTER SESSION SET parameter_name = value
ALTER SYSTEM SET parameter_name = value [DEFERRED]
Use the SET clause of the ALTER SYSTEM statement to set or change initialization parameter values. Additionally, the SCOPE clause specifies the scope of a change as described below:
SCOPE = SPFILE
(For both static and dynamic parameters, changes are recorded in the spfile, to be given effect in the next restart.)
SCOPE = MEMORY
(For dynamic parameters, changes are applied in memory only. No static parameter change is allowed.)
SCOPE = BOTH
For dynamic parameters, the change is applied in both the server parameter file and memory. No static parameter change is allowed.)
For dynamic parameters, we can also specify the DEFERRED keyword. When specified, the change is effective only for future sessions.
How to create server parameter file (SPFILE)
The server parameter file is initially created from a text initialization parameter file (init.ora).
It must be created prior to its use in the STARTUP command.
The create SPFILE statement is used to create a server parameter file.
The following example creates a server parameter file from an initialization parameter file.
CREATE SPFILE FROM PFILE='/u01/oracle/product/10.2.0/dbs/initTEST.ora';
Below is another example that illustrates creating a server parameter file and supplying a name.
CREATE SPFILE='/u01/oracle/product/10.2.0/dbs/TEST_spfile.ora'
FROM PFILE='/u01/oracle/product/10.2.0/dbs/initTEST.ora';
The following example creates a text initialization parameter file from the server parameter file:
CREATE PFILE FROM SPFILE;
The example below creates a text initialization parameter file from a server parameter file, where the names of the files are specified:
CREATE PFILE='/u01/oracle/product/10.2.0/dbs/initTEST.ora'
FROM SPFILE='/u01/oracle/product/dbs/10.2.0/TEST_spfile.ora';
How to find-out that whether database using spfile or pfile ?
The following query will let you know..
1) SQL> SELECT name,value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'spfile';
2) SQL> show parameter spfile;
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